Mutations are accidents in the genetic code that damage the sequence in the molecular string of amino acids (genes) in proteins that convey instructions to the cell. These sequences are the ‘instruction manual’ for each cell and their order must remain constant to accomplish a multitude of tasks.

Unlike variations that use existing information, evolutionists claim that mutations can miraculously rearrange gene sequences so that more complex coding instructions will build something in an organism that it has never possessed before. But, if specific gene-coding information is not already in the DNA for a specific function, how is it that mutations can randomly assemble NEW complex codes out of nowhere?
For types of mutations, go to:
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/possiblemutations

Darwinists claim that there is a fixed mutation rate for all organisms:

• “Remarkably, the new research, recently published in Current Biology, shows that these early estimates were spot on – in total, we all carry 100-200 new mutations in our DNA. This is equivalent to one mutation in each 15 to 30 million nucleotides. Fortunately, most of these are harmless and have no apparent effect on our health or appearance …
  Understanding mutation rates is key to many aspects of human evolution and medical research: mutation is the ultimate source of all our genetic variation and provides a molecular clock for measuring evolutionary timescales.”
  NSFC, The Royal Society, and Wellcome Trust, “We Are All Mutants: Measurement Of Mutation Rate In Humans By Direct Sequencing,” September 1, 2009, ScienceDaily.com.
  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090827123210.htm

If mutation rates are fixed and evolution is perpetually occurring at a steady and predictable rate, why are
some organisms that exist today virtually no different than fossils that are supposedly 450 million years old?
What would stop one organism from mutating and then allow sporadic and unlimited change in another? At
least Darwin was aware of the dilemma:

• “Why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?”
  Charles Darwin, British naturalist and author, “The Origin of Species,” 1859, chapter VI “Difficulties of the Theory.”
  http://www.darwin-literature.com/The_Origin_of_Species/6.html

This alone is the greatest evidence AGAINST evolution and displays the schizophrenia of evolutionists. They contradict themselves continually and then devise new theories to explain their contradictions. Even with all the scientific information gained over the century, evolutionists still don’t know how evolution supposedly works:
(Go to: http://www.whoisyourcreator.com/how_does_evolution_occur.html )

• “But they are trying to figure out how evolution happens, and that’s not an easy job.”
  University of California Museum of Paleontology and the National Center for Science Education, “The Big Issues.”
  http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_50
• “Scientists are still uncovering the specifics of how, when, and why evolution produced the life we see on Earth today.”
  Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History
  http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/geotime/main/foundation_life3.html
• “It is not necessarily easy to “see” macroevolutionary history; there are no firsthand accounts to be read. Instead, we reconstruct the history of life using multiple lines of evidence, including geology, fossils, and living organisms.”
  University of California Museum of Paleontology and the National Center for Science Education, “What is macroevolution?”
  http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/

Mutations are random and do not ‘build’ on each other toward a specific direction.

• “Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism, but mutations do not “try” to supply what the organism “needs.” … In this respect, mutations are random — whether a particular mutation happens or not is unrelated to how useful that mutation would be.”
  http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/mutations_07
• “The overwhelming majority of random mutations are harmful—that is, they reduce fitness; only a tiny minority are beneficial, increasing fitness. Most mutations are bad for the same reason that most typos in computer code are bad: in finely tuned systems, random tweaks are far more likely to disrupt function than to improve it.”
  http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=testing-natural-selection&print=true

Contrary to evolutionary-based propaganda, proteins don’t “tolerate” changes in their sequence and mutations have been proven to be “a major constraint on protein evolvability–the ability of proteins to acquire changes in sequence and function.”:

• “The past several years have seen novel insights at the interface of protein biophysics and evolution. The accepted paradigm that proteins can tolerate nearly any amino acid substitution has been replaced by the view that the deleterious effects of mutations, and especially their tendency to undermine the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of protein, is a major constraint on protein evolvability–the ability of proteins to acquire changes in sequence and function.”
  Weizmann Institute of Science/Israel, “Stability effects of mutations and protein evolvability,” October 19, 2009, PubMed.gov.
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765975

Almost ALL mutations are detected and re-written by miniscule machines that check for errors.

• “The repair systems need molecular machines that can detect the DNA damage in the first place, machines that can cut away the damaged DNA, and machines that can finish the repair by building new undamaged DNA. All of these molecular machines must work together in an organised fashion to carry out these very intricate repairs, and so they also require machines that take the part of foreman and co-ordinate the work of the others.
  When DNA is heavily damaged, cells from humans to bacteria ensure the sections that are being read at that moment (in a process called transcription) are repaired before sections that aren’t being read.”
  University of Bristol, “New research reveals details of microbe’s extraordinary maintenance and repair system,” December 10, 2010, Physorg.
  http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-reveals-microbe-extraordinary-maintenance.html
• “DNA is a fragile molecule that undergoes dramatic changes when exposed to radiation, ultraviolet light, toxic chemicals or byproducts of normal cellular processes. DNA damage, if not repaired in time, may lead to mutations, cancer or cell death. Many helicases in the Rad3 family are key players in the cell’s elaborate machinery to prevent and repair such damage.”
  http://www.physorg.com/printnews.php?newsid=122568903
• “A mathematical analysis of the experiments showed that the proteins themselves acted to correct any imbalance imposed on them through artificial mutations and restored the chain to working order …
  The authors sought to identify the underlying cause for this self-correcting behavior in the observed protein chains. Standard evolutionary theory offered no clue.”
  Princeton University, “Evolution’s new wrinkle: Proteins with cruise control provide new perspective,” November 10th, 2008, Physorg.com
  http://www.physorg.com/news145549897.html
• “But the mechanisms of DNA replication and repair are so accurate that even where no such selection operates – at the many sites in the DNA where a change of nucleotide has no effect on the fitness of the organism – the genetic message is faithfully preserved over tens of millions of years.”
  “Essential Cell Biology” textbook, Second Edition, Section 6:20, 2003 Garland Science (See PDF)
• “Research published in 2007 showed the importance of the nuclear protein UHRF1 in ensuring that the epigenetic code is accurately copied …
  The key element of UHRF1 involved in this “proofreading” process is known as the Set and Ring Associated (SRA) domain, but the exact mechanisms by which the SRA domain accomplishes this task were unclear.”http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080903134159.htm
• “A mathematical analysis of the experiments showed that the proteins themselves acted to correct any imbalance imposed on them through artificial mutations and restored the chain to working order …
  The authors sought to identify the underlying cause for this self-correcting behavior in the observed protein chains. Standard evolutionary theory offered no clues … The scientists are working on formulating a new general theory based on this finding they are calling “evolutionary control.””
  http://www.physorg.com/news145549897.html

Organisms can miraculously restore their DNA several generations AFTER a mutation has occurred:

• “Here we show that Arabidopsis plants homozygous for recessive mutant alleles of the organ fusion gene HOTHEAD5 (HTH) can inherit allele-specific DNA sequence information that was not present in the chromosomal genome of their parents but was present in previous generations. This previously undescribed process is shown to occur at all DNA sequence polymorphisms examined and therefore seems to be a general mechanism for extra-genomic inheritance of DNA sequence information. We postulate that these genetic restoration events are the result of a template-directed process that makes use of an ancestral RNA-sequence cache.”
  http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7032/abs/nature03380.html
• “Here, we show that a rice triploid and diploid hybridization resulted in stable diploid progenies, both in genotypes and phenotypes, through gene homozygosity. Furthermore, their gene homozygosity can be inherited through 8 generations, and they can convert DNA sequences of other rice varieties into their own. Molecular-marker examination confirmed that this type of genome-wide gene conversion occurred at a very high frequency. Possible mechanisms, including RNA-templated repair of double-strand DNA, are discussed.”
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502903?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.
  PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA

Only changes in the germline (cells involved with sexual reproduction) are relevant to evolution. During meiosis http://www.cellsalive.com/meiosis.htm germ cells combine by a very complicated process and most mutations harm the genetic integrity of the offspring, instead of improving it or add complexity to it. Also, programmed cell death (apoptosis) almost always prevents the change from proliferating to offspring:

• “Within the last decade, aberrant meiotic recombination has been confirmed as a molecular risk factor for chromosome nondisjunction in humans. Recombination tethers homologous chromosomes, linking and guiding them through proper segregation at meiosis I. In model organisms, mutations that disturb the recombination pathway increase the frequency of chromosome malsegregation and alterations in both the amount and placement of meiotic recombination are associated with nondisjunction. This association has been established for humans as well.”
  http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Doi=86896
• “In females of many species, over half of the germ-cell (oocyte) population dies by apoptosis before birth … Krakauer and Mira have interpreted this death of germ cells as a developmental solution to the accumulation of mutations in mitochondria, proposing that prenatal oocyte apoptosis effectively removes oocytes carrying mutant mitochondria.”
  http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6769/full/403500a0.html

What causes mutations to occur?

When an organism reproduces, the ‘parent’ DNA is transcribed to the new cell by the DNA molecule creating a negative copy called RNA. When the genetic information is copied over to the RNA molecule, copying errors can cause breaks, substitutions, or duplications in the gene sequence that can cause the original instructional message to be corrupted. Specialized molecular machines continually repair mutations and restore the DNA, but some mutations are retained and result in broken or faulty genes.
“Some changes, however, to the genetic code cause the message to be changed so that it is no longer understood by the cell: the gene is impaired or faulty. Changes that make the genes faulty are called mutations.”
Centre for Genetics Education, ‘Changes To The Genetic Code’ Fact Sheet 4, Australasian Genetics Resource Book 2007. (See PDF)
See below links regarding molecular machines that repair DNA molecules:
http://www.physics.uiuc.edu/research/Highlights/NaturesMicroscopicMotors.htm
http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=6671
http://www.esrf.eu/news/spotlight/spotlight13dnarepair/

Can mutations cause major changes or create new features?

One mutation within a gene will not cause a major change in the phenotype (appearance) or create a new or more complex feature to appear. Also, because there can be multiples of genes effecting each feature, a mutation in just one gene may have NO effect on the organism. What single mutations can do is alter an existing feature in a slightly positive way, but only through reduced or eliminated functions that always result in some fitness loss in the organism. (See Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria below.)

Evolutionists claim that mutations accumulate and build on each other to create a new feature or a major change in an existing feature. But, if mutations are random and have no purposeful direction, what are the chances that a subsequent mutation would affect the same genetic sequence and build something functional that it had never possessed before? And, what would make the resulting organism more fit so that natural selection would preserve this new ‘we-have-no-idea-of-what-we’re-going-to-be’ feature?

The two ‘prized’ examples of mutations cited by evolutionists:

Fruit Flies – Scientists were able to engineer flies with a second set of wings, but the wings had no muscles and were non-functional. All sorts of experiments have been done to fruit flies, but scientists have yet to create anything novel in them and, every time, the flies ALWAYS end up being nothing but flies!
“In Dobzhansky’s work, numerous varieties resulted from radiation bombardment: fruit flies with extra wings, fruit flies with no wings, fruit flies with huge wings, fruit flies with tiny wings… In the end, however, they were all … fruit flies! Dobzhansky meddled with the genetic code of an organism and effected changes on the organism’s offspring. Nearly all of the changes were detrimental to survival, and none of them resulted in an advantage over other fruit flies.”
http://www.trueorigin.org/isakrbtl.asp (Scroll to ‘Dobzhansky’s Fruit Flies’)

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – Bacteria can actually lose their ability to metabolize certain chemicals such as antibiotics, thus giving them the ability to survive within their presence. Read other examples of how bacteria can become resistant to bacteria but NOTE that each process involves duplications or losses in coding instructions and, every time, bacteria ALWAYS end up being nothing but bacteria!
“As a group, the mutations associated with antibiotic resistance involve the loss or reduction of a pre-existing cellular function/activity, i.e., the target molecule lost an affinity for the antibiotic, the antibiotic transport system was reduced or eliminated, a regulatory system or enzyme activity was reduced or eliminated, etc.”
http://www.trueorigin.org/bacteria01.asp
http://www.icr.org/article/14/

UNLIMITED EVOLUTION BY MUTATIONS AND NATURAL SELECTION IS AN UTTERLY UNPROVEN AND UNSCIENTIFIC PREMISE THAT HAS NEVER BEEN OBSERVED OR PROVEN TO HAVE OCCURRED IN THE PAST.

	“… aside from UV-induced point mutation, there is no other constant source of mutation in the physical world, and spontaneous mutation rates are low (approximately 10−8 to 10−9 ) (Maresca and Schwartz 2006). Indeed, cells contain myriad stress and other proteins that eliminate potential change from becoming established in the genome and maintain DNA homeostasis, which can be derailed only by the most extreme environmental stresses.” —Jeffrey H. Schwartz / Bruno Maresca